REPRODUCTION

Samantha Weglin, Rachel Diomede, Melody Ashby, & Gerard Falzarano.

Spectrophotometry Investigation

Problem Will these substances reproduce?

Hypothesis - We think that substance "C" is going to be the only substance to reproduce.

Control group- Test tube 1 sterile broth Independent Variable- test tubes 1,2,3 unknown A,B,C Dependent Variable- Transmittance %

Material
 * 1) 4 test tubes
 * 2) Sterile nutrient broth
 * 3) Spectrophotometer
 * 4) Pipette
 * 5) Parafilm to cover tubes
 * 6) Sterile Swab
 * 7) Test tube rack
 * 8) Cuvet

Procedures 1. Label 4 test tubes with the following a. Test tube 1 sterile broth b. Test tube 2 “A” unknown substance and broth c. Test tube 3 “B” unknown substance and broth d. Test tube 4 “C” unknown substance and broth 2. Obtain swab and gentle collect a sample of unknown (prepared in warm water) from each beaker 3. Remove each swab from each beaker and place each in the appropriately labeled test tubes. Mix using swab then remove swab. 4. Take initial spectrophotometer readings from each test tube by using pipettes to transfer liquid to cuvets and place each in spectrophotometer. Set the machine to 600 nm wavelength. The control broth should emit 100% transmittance. 5. Record your spectrophotometer readings for each test tube on the data table. 6. Repeat spectrophotometer readings for the rest of the week and record readings in the table. 7. Graph data recorded in table.

Background information Use Of Energy/Metabolism One of the characteristics of life is the Use of Energy. Plants get this energy through a process called photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when green plants use sunlight to synthesis foods from C02 and water. Animals get their energy from food. As food is broken down, energy is released. Some organisms take in more energy than is required to sustain them. This excess energy gets stored and turns into fat. Adaptation All animals live in habitats. Habitats provide everything animals need to survive, but there is more to survival than just the habitat. Animals also depend on their physical bodies to help them obtain food, find shelter, and protect themselves. These features are called physical adaptations. Physical adaptations do not develop during an animal's life but over many generations. Growth & Development –  Everyone and everythingoriginated as a single, simple-looking cell, called a fertilized egg or azygote that can barely be seen without a microscope. The zygote begins dividingand replicating itself again and again and fertilization. Before long,thousands of cells called stem cells form. Most organisms consist of way morethan one type of cell. About 200 different types of cells make up the tissuesand organs of the human body. Genes instruct each cell how and when to buildthe proteins that allow it to create the structures, and perform the functionsspecific to its type of cell. Every nucleus of every cell has the same set ofGenes. In order for cells to differentiate, certain genes must be activated,while others should remain inactive.  Reproduction- People are able to reproduce from thetime we are teenagers through mid-life or longer. The goal of sex is to mergetwo sets of genetic information, one from the mother and one from the father.This would make a baby that is genetically different from either parent. Someliving things pass on their genetic information by asexual reproduction. Sinceonly one parent is involved, the offspring are identical to the parents.Without reproduction a species would not be able to survive. Response to Stimuli  With any scienceexperiment there are many variables you need to consider, and so much timededicated to knowing something that we didn’t know before. People over theyears have progressed very much all because people dedicated their time withexperiment like the ones we are doing in class, all in the name of science.  Sinceresponse to stimuli is definitely a characteristic of life, and we areexperimenting on different subjects to see if they’re living, it is veryhelpful to test the variables response to stimuli. In the project that my groupis doing we need to test for reproduction, however we still very much use theresponse to stimuli, by stirring around the solutions we believe that thesubstances will saturate the water and have a better chance of reproduction. Wealso believe that the grain type substance and the garlic powder will respondmuch more than the sand. Organization in organisms Thereare four levels of organization in an organism. The first level is cells. Cellsare the basic unit of structure and function in living things. Most cells areused for a specific function. For example, there are blood cells, nerve cells,bone cells and much more. The next level is tissues. Tissues are a group ofcells working together to perform a specific job. Humans have 4 basic tissues,connective, epithelial, muscle and nerve. The third level is organs. Organs aremade up of tissues that work together to perform a specific job or activity.Some examples of organs are the brain, kidney and the liver. The forth level oforganization is organ systems. Organ systems are groups of two or more organsthat work together to perform a certain task. Some examples of organ systems are the circulatory system,and he nervous system. These levels put together make an organism.

Data
 * % Transmittance || Initial || Day 1 || Day 2 || Day 3 ||
 * Test tube 1 || 100% || 100% || 100% || 100% ||
 * Test tube 2 || 90% || 87% || 63% || 96.6% ||
 * Test tube 3 || 106.4% || 142.8% || 90.4% || 104.6% ||
 * Test tube 4 || 19.8% || 136.8% || 24.4% || 73.2% ||